Assalamualaikum,,,selamat pagi!!!apakabar semuanya??hari ini hari apa ya??yang pasti kita taunya hari ini tanggal merah dan semua orang libur. Tapi coba deh liat di kalender,ada apa dengan hari ini..yak betulll, hari ini adalah hari Tahun Baru Islam 1 Muharram 1435 H tapi kok sepi-sepi aja yah ga serame tahun baru Masehi. Hmm,mungkin semua orang sedang giat-giatnya beribadah di malam harinya menunaikan shalat malam,merenungi apa yang sudah dilakukan setahun ke belakang. Subhanallah,,,waktu terus berjalan,detik ke menit ke jam semakin cepat sampai-sampai waktu terasa kurang bagi kita yang sangat sibuk bekerja. Ya Allah, berkahilah setiap waktu yang kita lewati semoga tidak ada penyesalan karena kita telah menyia-nyiakan waktu kita dan lalai dalam mengingat kepada-Mu,ya Allah. nah,my sob...coba deh klo kita "aware" apa aja yg udah kita lakuin selama ini. Apakah waktu kita habis untuk buka facebook,twitter,online dan sebagainya hanya untuk baca status orang,liat-liat poto orang lagi travelling dimanaa gitu yang bikin kita mupeng,buka inbox ada yg marah-marah dan bikin kita emosi,,bukankah semuanya itu menjadi sia-sia..waktu kita habis untuk hal-hal yang sepele dan juga membuat dosa makin nambah. nah,maka dari itu manfaatkan waktu sebaik mungkin. Kalaupun kita hobi online,bisa dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan yang positif seperti berbagi ilmu, buat status dengan kata-kata yang indah dan penuh motivasi, jadi orang yang baca juga ga akan bete jadinya. Memang saya akui,pas jaman baheula nuju keur 'galau-galau'na (aih,maaf yg bukan orang sunda maksudnya:jaman dulu pas lagi galau sangat ^_^), update-an status mellow mlulu,upload picture yang sedih-sedih dan menyayat hati aiiihh. Itu semua ga ngefek tapi hanya menambah kegalauan kita. Lalu,saya ubah mindset saya yaitu "be positive thinking!!!" Yeah,it really works. My sob,tau ga sih sebetulnya kebahagiaan itu berasal dari pikiran kita sendiri. Coba deh,my sob renungi sejenak... sebetulnya jika dari awal pikiran kita dimulai dengan hal yang negatif maka seluruh anggota tubuh kita pun akan merespon negatif pula. misalnya,pas kita lagi kalut pasti bawaannya pengen lempar-lempar barang.Tuh kaaann... malah jadinya membawa dampak negatif ga cuma diri kita sendiri tapi juga di sekeliling kita. Coba deh klo misalnya kita lempar gelas ke jalan taunya kena pak polisi,jadi panjang urusannya kaan. Okeh,,,buat kaum muda yang masih labil alias ababil,semua hal itu wajar ko karena kalian masih dalam pencarian jati diri kalian. Orang dewasa pun terkadang galaunya lebih-lebih dari anak muda. So,sesungguhnya kedewasaan itu tidak ditentukan dari usia seseorang...semuanya itu relatif terlihat dari sikapnya menghadapi suatu masalah. Tetap semangat menjalani hidup ini yaa,,, Allah juga tau batasan kemampuan kita seperti apa. Jika kita merasa ujian kita terlalu berat coba kita bayangkan perjuangan Nabi kita di jaman dulu untuk memperjuangkan Islam. Beliau dicaci,dimaki,dilempari kotoran tetapi beliau tetap tabah,sabar, dan tawakal. Serahkan segala sesuatunya kepada Sang Maha Kuasa. Sesungguhnya ketika kita ditimpa suatu ujian, Allah ingin agar kita mengingat-Nya. Semakin banyak kita berdo'a maka Allah akan semakin senang. Beda dengan manusia,semakin banyak kita minta malah dimarah-marahin ujung-ujungnya. So,jadikanlah Allah sebagai satu-satunya penolong bagi kita. InsyaAllah, everything is gonna be alright... Keep smiling :)
A. Definition A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental disorders has changed over time and across cultures. Definitions, assessments, and classifications of mental disorders can vary, but guideline criteria listed in the many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause of mental disorders, although they are often explained in terms of a diathesis-stress model and biopsychosocial model. Mental disorders have been found to be common, with over a third of people in most countries reporting sufficient criteria at some point in their life. Services for mental disorders may be based in hospitals or in the community. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals using different methodologies, often relying on case history and interview. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options, as well as supportive interventions and self-help. Treatment may be involuntary where legislation allows. Several movements campaign for changes to services and attitudes.
B. Causes of Mental Disorder
Mental disorders do not have a defined cause. Any disorder can arise from a combination of environmental, biological, and psychological sources. Some biological factors include; genetics, infections, prenatal damage, and substance abuse. It is often found that people who have or had a mental disorder within their family, are more susceptible to developing a mental disorder. In some cases, prenatal damage has been the cause for a mental illness. For example, a lack of oxygen to the brain may cause certain conditions. Last but not least, the report of substance abuse has been known to cause to mental illnesses such as; anxiety, depression, and paranoia. Psychological and environmental causes are found when the person has experienced a trauma or abuse. Examples of these would be divorce, sexual or physical abuse, and/or witnessing death.
C. Types of Mental Disorder There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered. These categories include attention disorder, memory disorder, thought process disorder, body mind disorder, perception disorder, emotion disorder, behavior motoric disorder, other psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders.
ATTENTION/ CONCENTRATION DISORDER
Is an attempt to direct the mental activity of a particular experience. Disturbance of attention include the inability to focus, sustain attention or distraction. In disorders of consciousness, especially in the three domains of attention delirium is disrupted. There are several types of disorders of attention / concentration, namely: 1. Distractibility: is the individual's inability to focus and maintain attention. Concentration is very easily distracted by various stimuli that occur around it. Commonly encountered in acute anxiety disorders and maniakal circumstances. 2. Inattention selective: the inability to focus on a particular object or situation, usually a situation that evokes anxiety. For example a person with a phobia simplek not able to focus on objects or situations that trigger fobia. 3. Excessive vigilance (hypervigilance): is the excessive concentration of the external and internal stimuli, so people seem very tense.
MEMORY DISORDER
Is the process of managing information, including the recording - storage - and calling back. There are several types of memory disturbances / memory, namely: 1. Amnesia: the inability to recall some or all past experiences. Amnesia can be caused by organic disorders in the brain, for example; on cerebral contusions. But can also be caused by psychological factors such as the post-traumatic stress disorder individuals may lose the memory of a very traumatic event. Time-based events, amnesia can be divided into: a. Anterograd amnesia, ie when the memory loss of experience / information point in time after the incident. For example; a motorist who had an accident, unable to remember events that happened after the accident. b. Retrograde amnesia, ie loss of memory of experience / information before the point in time event. For example, a girl who fell from the roof and suffered head trauma, was not able to remember the events that happened before the accident. 2. Paramnesia: Often referred to as false memory, the memory distortion of the information / experience real. Can be caused by factors such as organic in the brain in dementia. But can also be caused by psychological factors such as the dissociative disorders. Several types of paramnesia, among others: a. Konfabulasi: is a false memory that appears to fill in memory gaps. Common in people with dementia. b. Deja Vu: is a false memory of new experiences. Individuals feel very recognize a new situation that really had never known. c. Jamais Vu: is the opposite of Deja Vu, which was foreign to the situation that it had ever happened. d. Hiperamnesia: is the memory depth and excess of an experience e. Screen memory: is the conscious memory of the experience over the painful or traumatic memories more to be tolerated f. Letologika: is a temporary inability to find words appropriate to describe her experience. Common in the aging process or in the early stages of demensi. Based on the individual time frame memory loss, can be divided into:
Immediate memory (memory immidiate): is the ability to remember events that had just happened, the time span of a few seconds to several minutes
A new memory (recent memory): is the memory of the experience / information that happened in the last few days
Medium-term memory (recent past memory): is the memory of the events that occurred during a few months ago.
Long-term memory: the memory of the events that happened a long time (years ago)
THOUGHT PROCESS DISORDER
1. The primary thought process: the common terminology for dereistic thoughts, illogical, magical; is normally found in the dream, not normal as in psychosis 2. Disturbance of thought / current thinking: a loose association: current noise with the thought that ideas move from one subject to another subject that is not related at all; in a more severe form called inkoherensia 3. Inkoherensia: general thoughts that we can not understand, thought or said out together with no logical relationship or a particular grammar disorganization of thought 4. Flight of Ideas / jump idea: a very quick thoughts, verbalizing continue or play on words that generates a constant movement from one idea to another idea; ideas usually associated and in a form that is not severe, the listener may be able to follow the way he thought. 5. Sirkumstansial: indirect talks so slow to reach the expected point, but often eventually reach the point or purpose expected, often due to excessive fixation on detail and guidances. 6. Tangential: the inability to achieve the goal directly and often in the end did not reach the point or the expected goals.
BODY MIND DISORDER
Thought content disorders: Here is disturbed his thoughts / beliefs and not the delivery. Can be thought of poor content, suspicion, obsession, phobia, and etc. 1. Poverty contents of thought: the thought that only generate confusion caused less of information, repetition of empty, or phrases that are not known. 2. Supposition / delusions: a sense of conviction or a false belief, based on a mistaken conclusion about external reality, is not consistent with the intelligence and cultural background of patients, and can not be modified by reasoning or by presentation of facts. Types of supposition: a. supposition bizarre: a false belief, it is impossible and strange (example: aliens planted electrodes in the human brain) b. systematic suspicion: the mistaken belief or trust which, combined with a theme / event (example: people who chased the police or the mafia)
c. supposition nihilistic: a false sense that the self and the environment or the world does not exist or towards the end d. somatic supposition: a false belief involving bodily functions (eg, certain brain melt) e. paranoid suspicion: it includes big supposition, suspicion tag / persekutorik, supposition reference (reference), and the supposition is controlled. •supposition greatness: confidence or trust, usually psychotic innature, that he was a very strong, very powerful or very large. •supposition chase (persekutorik): a delusion that marks a paranoid,thinking that he was the victim of an attempt to harm, or that encourages him to fail in his action. This belief is often describe in the form of a fictional plot, the doctor and the patient's family seems made conspiracy to harm, damage, injure, or destroy him. •supposition reference (Delusion of reference): a mistaken belief thatbelieves that another person's behavior must be defamatory, harmful, or would harm himself. supposition is controlled: the mistaken belief that the desires, thoughts, or feelings are controlled by outside forces.•These include: Thought withdrawal: supposition that his mind was withdrawn by another person or other force Thought insertion: supposition that the mind inserted by others or other forces Thought broadcasting: supposition that the mind can be known by others, spread through the air Thought control: supposition that the mind controlled by another person or other force f. suspicion of jealousy: the mistaken belief that comes from pathological jealousy of the unfaithful spouse g. erotomania: a false belief, usually in women, sure that someone really loved her 3. Obsession: an idea to stay strong and often irrational, which is usually accompanied by a compulsion to do an act, can not be removed with reasonable effort, associated with anxiety. 4. Compulsions: the needs and actions to implement a pathological impulses, if arrested will cause anxiety, recurrent behavior in response arising from an obsession or to fulfill a specific rule. 5. Phobia: a pathological fear of persistent, irrational, excessive, and always associated with a specific stimulus or situation which resulted in a forced desire to avoid the stimulus. Some examples include: a. Specific phobias: fear of confined to a particular object or situation (eg fear of spider or snakes b. Social phobia: fear of public humiliation like fear to speak, perform, or eat in public c. Akrofobia: fear of being in high places d. Agorafobia: fear was in the open e. Claustrophobia: the fear was in the narrow f. Ailurofobia: fear of cats g. Zoofobia: fear of animals h. Xenophobia: fear of strangers i. Needle phobia: Excessive fear of receiving injections
PERCEPTION DISORDER:
A mental process that is the delivery of physical stimuli into psychological information that the sensory stimulus can be consciously accepted. Some examples of perceptual disturbances: 1. Depersonalisation: a pathological condition arising as a result of subjective feeling with a picture of a person experiencing or feeling himself (or herself) as not real or fictional (foreign, is not recognized) 2. Derealization: subjective feeling that a foreign environment, not real 3.Illusion: a false perception or deviate from the real external stimulus 4. Hallucinations: false perceptions or responses, are not associated with a real external stimulus; experiencing symptoms of the imaginary as the real thing. The types of hallucinations:
a. hallucinations hipnagogik: false sensory perceptions that occur when starting to fall asleep, it is generally not considered a pathological phenomenon b. hallucinations hipnapompik: false sensory perception that occurs when a person began to build, are generally not classified as pathological phenomena c. auditory hallucination: a false perception of sound, usually a person's voice can even be a sound such as music, is a kind of hallucinations are most commonly found in psychiatric disorders d. visual hallucinations: visual perception of wrong that can be clearly shape (person) or any form is not clear (flashing lights), often occurs in the general medical disorders e. hallucinations of smell: perception is often mistaken olfactory occurred in general medical disorders f. hallucinations tasting: Tasting false perceptions such as discomfort as symptoms of early seizures, often occurs in the general medical disorders g. Tactile hallucinations: such mistaken perceptions phantom libs (amputated limb sensation), or formikasi (sensation of crawling under the skin) h. somatic hallucination: false sensation that occurs on or in the body, more often related to internal organs (also known as cenesthesic hallucination) i. hallucinations little man: a cause misperception looked smaller objects (micropsia)
EMOTION DISORDER
Emotion is the atmosphere of lived feelings consciously, is complex, involving thought, perception and behavior of individuals. In descriptive phenomenological distinction between emotions and affects mood.
1. Mood: is the atmosphere that is pervasive feeling and durable, the color perception of one's life.
a. Eutimia Mood: the atmosphere of feeling within the normal range, ie individuals have a broad appreciation and sense of harmony with the rhythm of life. b. Hipotimia Mood: is the atmosphere that is pervasive feeling tinged with sadness and gloom. Individuals subjectively complained of pain and loss of morale. Objectively look of being depressed and sluggish behavior. c. Dysphoria Mood: portrayal of an unpleasant feeling. Often expressed as feeling tired, annoyed, or bored. d. Hipertimia Mood: mood is the feeling that the spirit and perfasif shows excessive enthusiasm for the various activities of life. His behavior became hyperactive and overly energetic look. e. Euphoria Mood: feeling of joy and atmosphere of excessive prosperity. f. Ekstasia Mood: mood characterized by feelings of excitement overwhelming. Often occurs in people who use substances psikostimulansia g. Alexithymia: is a condition of an individual's inability to live the atmosphere of feelings. Often expressed as the shallowness of emotional life. Someone with alexithymia is very difficult to express his feelings. h. Anhedonia: a mood characterized by feelings of loss of interest and enjoyment of various activities of life. i. Empty Mood: the emotional life of a very shallow, no or very few have the feeling reception atmosphere. Individuals with empty mood almost lost his temper with the involvement of neighborhood life. This situation can be found in patients with chronic schizophrenia. j. Instability Mood: climate change feelings change from time to time. Substitution feelings of sadness, anxiety, anger, euphoria, appeared and unexpected turns. Can be found in acute psychosis disorders. g. Irritable Mood: atmosphere feeling sensitive, irritable, easily angered and often overreact to situations that are not his favorite.
2. Affect: the emotional response to the present, which can be assessed through facial expression, speech, attitude and body gestures (body language). Reflects the situation affects the emotional moment.
a. Affective area: is the affect on the normal range, ie a broad expression of emotion with a number of variations in facial expression, rhythmic sounds and movements of the body, matched with dihayatinya atmosphere. b. Affects narrowed: describes the nuances of emotional expression is limited. The intensity and breadth of emotional expression decreases, which can be seen from facial expressions and body language are less variable. c. Blunted affect: a serious decline in the ability of emotional expression that appeared from a blank stare, the rhythm of monotonous voice and body language is very less. d. Flat affect: is a severe affective hendaya worse than blunted affect. In these circumstances the individual can be said to lose the ability of emotional expression. Flat facial expression, eyes blank, rigid posture, movements are minimal, and the rhythm of a flat voice as 'robots'. e. Affective matching: describes the normal state of the visible emotional expression of harmony between the expression of emotion and atmosphere . f. Affects not match: the opposite of emotional expression that does not match the atmosphere of lived. For example someone who tells an atmosphere of grief, but with a cheerful face and laughed a laugh.
g. Affective instability: To describe changes in a fast rhythm and feeling suddenly, unrelated to external stimuli.
BEHAVIOR MOTORIC DISORDER
Behavior is the variety of human actions and motives based on specific objectives and involve all the mental activities of individuals. Behavior is the individual's total response to life situations. Motor behavior is the expression of individual behavior is manifested in various motor activity. Here are described the various kinds of motor behavior disorders commonly found in the practice of psychiatry, namely: 1. Stupor Katatonia: decreased motor activity in the extreme, manifests as a slow motion until it could not move, and stiff as a statue. This situation can be found in catatonic schizophrenia 2. Furor Katatonia: a state of extreme agitation motor, purposeless motor noise, without a clear motive and not influenced by external stimuli. Can be found in catatonic schizophrenia, often alternating with symptoms of catatonic stupor. 3. Catalepsy: the state of posture in maintaining a certain position for a long time. Individuals with katalepsi can stand on one leg for hours and hours without moving. Is one of the symptoms that can be found in catatonic schizophrenia. 4. Flexibility cerea: state of the posture can be arranged in such a way without a fight, so termed as flexible as wax. 5. Akinesia: describes a condition in which motor activity is very limited, in severe conditions like schizophrenia catatonic stupor on. 6. Bradikinesia: deceleration motor movements common in Parkinsonism or Parkinson's disease. Individuals showing a rigid movement and loss of spontaneous response.
D. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Psychotic disorders
Characteristically, psychotic disorders are conditions with loss of insight and reality. Patients experience false beliefs and are enable to interpret external stimuli correctly. They are not aware that their thoughts are abnormal. The main psychotic disorders are schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorders.
The common symptoms of psychotic disorders include:
• Psychosis: a complex of symptoms in which the patient has lost touch with reality; experiencing delusions.
• Illusion: eg a stick on the floor is seen as a snake.
• Hallucination: eg in an auditory hallucination the patient hears voices in his head. Hallucinations can also be visual or involve taste or touch.
• Delusion: a false belief based on an external reality eg a firmly held belief, despite proof and logical
arguments to the contrary and one not held by others in the patient’s culture or society.
• Grandiose delusion: a belief that one is great, the best, invincible, or of elevated stature eg the
patient believes he is God, a king, the strongest man in the world or the richest person alive.
• Somatic delusion: an incorrect belief about one’s body, or part of it eg that it is diseased, disfigured,
disabled or deficient/absent — a man might think he is pregnant.
• Paranoid (persecutory) delusion: excessive or irrational suspiciousness; distrustfulness with delusion that one is being persecuted eg the patient thinks he/she is being followed by the FBI.
• Catatonia: motor immobility, waxy rigidity.
Anxiety disorders Anxiety disorders are mental and physical manifestations of anxiety. The feelings of anxiety are not attributable to real danger and occur either in attacks (panic disorder) or as a persisting state (generalised anxiety disorder).
The common symptoms of anxiety disorders include:
• Phobia: an unnatural, irrational fear of an item or situation, which the patient realises is not dangerous, but still takes measures to avoid.
• Social phobia --> Fear of social settings involving evaluation, embarrassment, looking foolish
• Egodystonic: thoughts, feelings or actions that are unusual to the person or do not fit into the person’s normal behavior (ego [self]; dystonic [alien]).
• Compulsion: an irresistible impulse, urge, desire to perform an irrational act, that relieves anxiety and is seen as egodystonic to the patient eg washing hands repeatedly or counting steps taken.
• Obsession: an idea, emotion, thought or impulse that is repetitive and/or, unwelcome and provokes anxiety eg constant urge to wash hands or count objects. The patient may feel uneasy for having thought but not actually done the act.
• Panic: a sudden, overwhelming anxiety that produces terror and physiological and psychological changes; the patients feel as if they will die. Lasts for a short time period.
• Agoraphobia: the fear of crowded spaces, public places or places where help cannot be reached which causes a panic attack. Often associated with panic disorder.
• Simple phobias
Bugs, mice, snakes, bats; heights; water; storms; closed places
Obsessive-->Compulsive Disorder
Obsession --> Intrusive, irrational, recurrent, unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses
Compulsion --> Repetitive, ritualistic behavior, feel compelled to perform, irresistible urge. Anxiety builds up from obsession and compulsion helps relieve anxiety
Most common: Cleaning (hand washing) and Checking. (everything unplugged, locked) Also counting and touching
Mood Disorders Mood disorders are characterised by a disturbance of mood or a persistent emotional state that affects how a patient acts, thinks and perceives their environment. Mood disorders are typified by either overwhelming feelings of sadness (depression), or alternating periods of mania and depression (bipolar disorder).
Major Depressive Disorder
Several possible symptoms (does not need to have ALL symptoms to be diagnosed):
• Chronic, extreme sadness, unhappiness.
• Little interest or pleasure in usual activities.
• Sleeps more or less than usual.
• Eats more or less than usual.
• Little energy or enthusiasm.
• Feelings of worthlessness; self-blame and despair.
• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions.
• Thoughts of dying or suicide.
The common symptoms of mood disorders include:
• Depression: a feeling characterized by sadness, apathy, pessimism and a sense of loneliness.
• Mania: a mood elevated above that normally considered to be a normal level of happiness or pleasure.
• Apathy: a lack of feeling, emotion and interest. Common in depression.
• Fatigue/loss of drive: low energy levels and/or the inability to start a task.
• Hypersomnia: an increase in time spent sleeping yet the patient still feels tired and wants to sleep more.
• Insomnia: the inability to sleep restfully.
• Suicidal ideation: thoughts of death and killing oneself.
• Psychomotor retardation: a slowing of activity due to the person’s mood.
• Psychomotor agitation: an increased level of activity and jitteriness.
• Anhedonia: the absence of pleasure in acts that are normally pleasurable. Most common symptom of depression and a core symptom of schizophrenia.
Bipolar Disorder: - Periods of mania and depression
Mania characterized by:
• Euphoric or irritable mood
• Restlessness, pacing.
• Distractibility
• Little need for sleep
• Inflated self-esteem; grandiose plans
• Reckless sexual and/or financial behavior
• Extreme talkativeness.
Somatoform Disorders Physical symptoms in the absence of any physical cause.
• Hypochondriasis - Excessive, unwarranted concern/preoccupation for personal health. Minor pains and other symptoms are overblown, convinced have serious disorder
• Not done to get attention - not "faking" or Munchausen syndrome
• Conversion Disorder - Serious physical symptoms (motor or sensory function) without physical cause but may solve psychological problem (Paralysis, blindness)
• La belle indifference - Nonchalance , lack of concern
• Body Dysmorphic disorder - imagined ugliness to the point of obsession (not the same as anorexia or bulimia)
Dissociative Disorders • Dissociation - loss of ability to integrate all components of self into coherent representation of one’s identity
• Dissociative Amnesia - Sudden inability to recall personal info (name, parents, profession, address). - Also known as repressed memory.Usually occurs after severe stress or trauma.
• Dissociative Fugue (to flee) - Memory loss and wander or move to a new place (New identity, job, home, family, and personality). Often resolve spontaneously with no memory of what happened
• Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality) - 2 or more personalities, each with distinct traits, names, memories, speech patterns, hair style, sex. Traumatic incident usually precedes split
• Dissociative disorders (repression, multiple personality disorder) are on the rise, large amount of controversy
Schizophrenia Severe, debilitating, often chronic. Loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disturbances in thought and/or other behavior
Many kinds of symptoms
• Agitation
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Disruptions in cognition/speech
• Social withdrawal
• Problems in emotional expression
Descriptions of Symptoms • Positive – abnormal behavior is present
• Hallucinations - Sensory experiences without sensory stimulus - Usually auditory
• Delusions - False belief, Can’t be convinced it’s not true.
• Grandeur – one is famous or has power
• Persecution – someone is out to get them
• Reference – materials refer to them personally
• Influence – something influencing their behavior
• Formal thought disorder- Problems in the organization of ideas & speech
• Loose associations
• Negative symptoms – loss or deficiency
• Social withdrawal, problems in emotional expression (flat affect), limited speech, poor hygience
Types of Schizophrenia • Paranoid type - Elaborate delusions (grandeur, persecution), suspicious, argumentative
Disorganized type - Bizarre, inappropriate speech & behavior, flat or inappropriate affect, silliness, grotesque mannerisms, bizarre behavior.
• Catatonic type
Catatonic Excitement - Restlessness, pacing & purposeless, repetitive movements
Catatonic Stupor - Almost never talks, barely moves, Waxy flexibility(assume posture and remain in same position for long periods of time)
Childhood Disorders Autism - oblivious to others, unresponsive, preference for nonsocial object (social isolation). Abnormal response to stimuli or change mute or talk in parrot-like fashion. Self stimulating behavior (hand wringing, rocking, etc.)
Attention Deficit Disorder – hyperactivity. Inability to attend, focus attention in sustained way impulsive, distractible, aggressive
Ritalin (stimulant) or new one - ephinephrine
Eating Disorders Fear of getting fat
• Anorexia Nervosa - abnormal concern with weight and body image, extreme measures to lose weight, excessively thin
• Bulimia Nervosa - binge eating followed by purging - remain normal in weight
Sexual Disorders • Problems having sex - no interest, problems with arousal, pain
• Paraphilias - fetish, transvestite, sadism, masochism, exhibitionist, pedophile, voyeurism
• Transexual
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